OPINION OF THE COURT

Chief Judge LIPPMAN.

We conclude that the New York City Department of Education (DOE) failed to comply with the requirements of the Correction Law and thus acted arbitrarily in denying petitioner's application for security clearance.

I.

As a general matter, it is unlawful in this state for any public or private employer to deny any license or employment application "by reason of the individual's having been previously convicted of one or more criminal offenses" (Correction Law § 752; see Executive Law § 296 [15]). This general bar was enacted to further certain goals that the Legislature has identified as among the "general purposes" of the Penal Law, namely, "the rehabilitation of those convicted" and "the promotion of their successful and productive reentry and reintegration into society" (Penal Law § 1.05 [6]). As Governor Hugh L. Carey's memorandum approving the legislation that codified this general prohibition noted, "the key to reducing crime is a reduction in recidivism," and "[t]he great expense and time involved in successfully prosecuting and incarcerating the criminal offender is largely wasted if upon the individual's return to society his willingness to assume a law-abiding and productive role is frustrated by senseless discrimination" (Governor's Approval Mem, Bill Jacket, L 1976, ch 931, 1976 McKinney's Session Laws of NY, at 2459 ["Providing a former offender a fair opportunity for a job is a matter of basic human fairness, as well as one of the surest ways to reduce crime"]).

There are, however, two significant exceptions to this general prohibition. The first exception arises where "there is a direct relationship between one or more of the previous criminal offenses and the specific license or employment sought or held by the individual" (Correction Law § 752 [1]). The Legislature has clarified that a "`[d]irect relationship' means that the nature of criminal conduct for which the person was convicted has a direct bearing on his fitness or ability to perform one or more of the duties or responsibilities necessarily related to the license, opportunity, or job in question" (Correction Law § 750 [3]). This "direct relationship" exception is not at issue on this appeal.

It is the Correction Law's second exception to the general rule barring the adverse treatment of an application for a license or employment based on an applicant's prior criminal conviction that concerns us here. The second exception allows for the adverse treatment of such applications where "the issuance or continuation of the license or the granting or continuation of the employment would involve an unreasonable risk to property or to the safety or welfare of specific individuals or the general public" (Correction Law § 752 [2]). We have previously noted that the Legislature has not provided a statutory definition of the phrase "unreasonable risk" in this context "for the obvious reason that a finding of unreasonable risk depends upon a subjective analysis of a variety of considerations relating to the nature of the license or employment sought and the prior misconduct" (Matter of Bonacorsa v Van Lindt, 71 N.Y.2d 605, 612 [1988]).

Although the "unreasonable risk" analysis under the second exception is a subjective one, section 753 (1) of the Correction Law provides that, "[i]n making a determination" as to whether either the "direct relationship" exception or the "unreasonable risk" exception applies, "the public agency or private employer shall consider" the following eight factors:

A failure to take into consideration each of these factors results in a failure to comply with the Correction Law's mandatory directive (see Matter of Arrocha v Board of Educ. of City of N.Y., 93 N.Y.2d 361, 364 [1999] ["the Board must consider" (emphasis added) the Correction Law § 753 (1) factors]).

II.

When petitioner was 17 years old, she was convicted of the serious crime of first degree robbery. After serving over three years in prison she was granted parole in December 1996. The record reflects that, since then, she has become a productive and law-abiding member of society. She earned a Bachelor's degree in 2001 from the City University of New York (CUNY), and, while working and attending classes at CUNY, volunteered with an organization that provides assistance to inmates in developing skills that will help them reintegrate into society upon being released. After earning her college degree, in addition to starting a family, she worked in positions of responsibility at two law firms.

Desiring employment that would allow her to spend more time with her family, in 2006 petitioner left her law firm position and took a part-time position at the Cooke Center for Learning and Development (the Cooke Center). The Cooke Center is a not-for-profit private corporation that provides, among other things, preschool special education services in New York City through a contract with the DOE. The record reflects that petitioner worked four days per week and was engaged primarily in clerical activities with no responsibility for providing any instruction to the Cooke Center's preschool students.

In August 2006, three months after she started working for the Cooke Center, petitioner's supervisor asked her to be fingerprinted for DOE security clearance purposes (she had previously disclosed her 1993 conviction to the Cooke Center). The DOE subsequently notified petitioner that, in light of her prior criminal conviction, she would be interviewed at the DOE's offices on September 28, 2006. At the bottom of the notice petitioner received, in underlined and bold typeface, she was advised that she could "submit a written personal statement explaining the events and circumstances surrounding your conviction(s) record," and, "[i]n addition, you may also submit the following: current employment verification (on company letterhead) verifying title/dates of service, references from friends/neighbors/church and any achievements you have made either before or after your conviction(s)."

At the interview with the DOE's investigator, petitioner provided the DOE with two letters of reference from the Cooke Center. She also provided a number of other documents evidencing her education, rehabilitation and volunteer work over the 13 years since her conviction, including her diploma, various certificates of achievement, and various letters of appreciation. Of particular relevance on this appeal, one of the letters of reference from the Cooke Center specified that petitioner was hired, in part, on the basis of "her model references from past employers and colleagues."

At the September 28, 2006 interview, petitioner was advised that three people at the DOE would be reviewing her file, but the investigator she was meeting with that day would be the only one meeting with her in person. He stated that the two other reviewers "do not have time to review the stack of documents" petitioner submitted because "they have numerous other files to look at"; thus, he suggested she revise her "personal statement to include more information summarizing the documents" she submitted "since they will not be looking at all the documents," only her personal statement. The interviewer asked no questions concerning the details surrounding her conviction, no questions concerning her former employment at the two law firms, and no questions concerning her job duties at the Cooke Center. Petitioner states that "[t]he whole interview lasted no more than five minutes." The record contains an affidavit from the investigator who interviewed petitioner, but the only aspect of her description of the interview that he specifically challenges is its length, estimating, in part on the basis of the relevant sign-in sheet, that he met with petitioner for approximately 30 minutes.

By letter dated October 12, 2006, the DOE notified petitioner that her application was denied. The DOE's letter acknowledged that New York law generally prohibits the denial of employment on the basis of prior criminal convictions, but then referenced the "unreasonable risk" exception to that general prohibition. The letter explained that petitioner's "application is denied due to the serious nature of your convictions" because, "[i]n light of these convictions, granting employment will pose an unreasonable risk to the safety and welfare of the school community." The Cooke Center subsequently terminated petitioner's employment because, as petitioner acknowledges on this appeal, the Cooke Center's contractual relationship with the DOE necessitated her termination in the event the DOE denied her application for security clearance.

This petition against the DOE and the Cooke Center, among others, followed. Supreme Court dismissed the petition. The Appellate Division, with two Justices dissenting, reversed, concluded that the DOE acted arbitrarily in denying petitioner's application, granted the petition and remanded the matter to Supreme Court to fashion an appropriate remedy (62 A.D.3d 455 [1st Dept 2009]). The Appellate Division subsequently certified a question to this Court concerning the propriety of its order. We agree with the Appellate Division that the DOE acted arbitrarily in this matter.

III.

It is, of course, improper for courts to "engag[e] in essentially a re-weighing" of the Correction Law § 753 factors (Arrocha, 93 NY2d at 367), but, on this record, it is plain that the DOE failed to consider all of the factors in making its determination as to whether the "unreasonable risk" exception applied to petitioner's application, rendering its denial of that application arbitrary and capricious.

We first note that this conclusion is not mandated by the fact that the DOE did not state with specificity its detailed analysis with respect to each of the eight factors in its denial letter to petitioner, as it was not required to do so in the letter notifying her of its decision (but see Correction Law § 754 [providing that, if requested, a public agency or private employer that denies a person's application for a license or employment on the basis of that person's prior criminal conviction "shall provide, within thirty days of a request, a written statement setting forth the reasons for such denial"]). Nor does the DOE's apparent inability to point to any contemporaneously created record that demonstrates that it considered each of the eight factors in reviewing petitioner's application necessarily require a finding that the DOE acted arbitrarily, though, of course, such documentation, if it existed, might tend to show that the DOE had fulfilled its obligation under the Correction Law.

Rather, on this record, the DOE's own statements demonstrate that it failed to comply with the statute and acted in an arbitrary manner. An affidavit from the DOE's Director for Employee Relations for the Division of Human Resources, prepared by the DOE in connection with this proceeding, provides "considerations and observations" relevant to the DOE's decision to deny petitioner's application. Among the considerations listed in this affidavit is that petitioner "did not provide references from any previous employers." However, the interview notice petitioner received from the DOE did not state that she should provide references from previous employers, and her interviewer did not ask her to provide those references. Moreover, one of the Cooke Center references that she did provide to the DOE mentioned the "model references from past employers" that the Cooke Center had reviewed and relied upon in hiring her. Thus, had the DOE reviewed this reference letter, it would have known that the letters from past employers it now says were missing were not only available but were highly favorable to petitioner.

This illuminates a larger, more serious issue regarding the DOE's consideration of petitioner's application. The Correction Law requires the DOE to "consider" "[a]ny information produced by the person, or produced on his [or her] behalf, in regard to his [or her] rehabilitation and good conduct" in determining whether the "unreasonable risk" exception applies to an application (Correction Law § 753 [1] [g]). Yet, on this record, it is plain that, other than her personal statement, the DOE did not consider the documentation that petitioner submitted in support of her application.

The arbitrary nature of the DOE's action here becomes even more evident given the "general policy" the DOE Director's affidavit states that the DOE follows with respect to first-time applicants. The Director's affidavit notes that this application was petitioner's "first application for security clearance from the DOE," and, as a matter of "general policy, the DOE takes a closer review of first-time applicants with criminal histories who have not worked with children in order to emphasize to the applicant that the DOE takes the safety and welfare of its students very seriously." We have no doubt that the DOE takes the safety and welfare of the entire school community very seriously, and its efforts in that regard are laudable. However, in light of the DOE's failure to comply with the statutorily mandated minimum requirement of reviewing all of the documentation petitioner submitted (see e.g. Correction Law § 753 [1] [g]), it is difficult to conclude on this record that the "closer review" purportedly applied here amounted to anything more than a pro forma denial of petitioner's application on the basis of her prior criminal conviction. Such a denial, without consideration of each of the Correction Law § 753 factors, is precisely what the statute prohibits.

The Legislature has determined that, as a general rule, it is unlawful for a public or private employer to deny an application for a license or employment on the ground that the applicant was previously convicted of a crime. This general prohibition advances the rehabilitation and reintegration goals of the Penal Law. Furthermore, barring discrimination against those who have paid their debt to society and facilitating their efforts to obtain gainful employment benefits the community as a whole. The "direct relationship" exception and the "unreasonable risk" exception to this general rule may be resorted to only upon a consideration of each of the eight factors enumerated in Correction Law § 753 (see Arrocha, 93 NY2d at 364).

IV.

Finally, we note that petitioner does not dispute that, in light of the Cooke Center's contract with the DOE, the DOE's denial of petitioner's application for security clearance obligated the Cooke Center to terminate her employment. The Cooke Center's motion to dismiss the petition as against it, therefore, should have been granted.

Accordingly, the order of the Appellate Division should be modified, without costs, by granting the motion of Cooke Center for Learning and Development to dismiss the petition against it, and, as so modified, affirmed. The certified question should be answered in the negative.

SMITH, J. (dissenting).

It is easy to sympathize with this petitioner, and to be dismayed by the decision of the Department of Education (DOE) to deny her security clearance. From what we know, petitioner's achievement in overcoming her very troubled youth is impressive, and could be inspiring to others. But I would not give in to the temptation to second-guess the DOE, which has the duty to protect not only the public's money and property, but also the children committed to its charge.

The question for the DOE — not the courts — to decide was whether granting petitioner a security clearance "would involve an unreasonable risk to property or to the safety or welfare of specific individuals or the general public" (Correction Law § 752 [2]). Considering the interests at stake, the DOE could reasonably believe that anything more than a very small risk would be "unreasonable," and that there might be more than a very small risk here. In 1993, petitioner was arrested on two separate occasions, and charged with crimes including two first degree robberies involving the use or threatened immediate use of a dangerous instrument (Penal Law § 160.15 [3]). She pleaded guilty and received a sentence of 4 to 12 years. She was paroled in 1997 and discharged from parole in 2000. These events were history, but not ancient history, when she applied for a security clearance in 2006. The DOE could have reasonably wanted to know more about them.

Petitioner chose to tell them very little. Invited to "submit a written personal statement explaining the events and circumstances surrounding your conviction(s) record," she responded, and later expanded her response. This is all that her expanded statement says about the crimes:

Among the facts petitioner did not disclose is how many robberies there were; what weapon was used; what was done to intimidate the victims; and what petitioner did to help. Reading petitioner's statement, one cannot learn why a judge thought that she deserved a 4-to-12-year sentence. I can hardly blame petitioner for not wanting to dwell on these very unpleasant details; but I also cannot blame the DOE for deciding that it should not give petitioner clearance without knowing more than it did.

It seems to me that, despite its disclaimer, the majority has done what it acknowledges courts should not do: It has reweighed the relevant factors, and decided that it disagrees with the DOE's evaluation of them. The majority quibbles with the DOE over a minor point — whether the absence of references from previous employers is significant, where petitioner was apparently able to provide such references at an earlier time (majority op at 319). Stretching to find a "larger, more serious issue," the majority asserts that the DOE's procedure was flawed because it failed to "consider the documentation that petitioner submitted in support of her application" (majority op at 319). I find it extremely hard to believe that either the DOE's decision or the majority's here would be different if a DOE employee had turned over every page of the considerable stack of certificates of recognition that petitioner submitted.

It seems obvious that the majority's real difference with the DOE is substantive, and not procedural — the majority thinks the DOE made a mistake. Perhaps it did, but it did not act so arbitrarily that we are justified in annulling its ruling.

Order modified, etc.